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Read more on this at:http://www.pimco.com/LeftNav/Global+Markets/Global+Credit+Perspectives/2007/U.S.+Credit+Perspectives-+5-2007.htmHousing was an asset bubble influenced by bullish sentiment, robust risk appetite and speculation, lack of fundamental analysis, cheap money, inflated appraisals and easy lending standards. These factors helped to drive housing prices up to new levels and the unwinding of these conditions is expected to drive housing prices down. Never before have we witnessed so many people lever-up real estate with so little money down or “skin in the game.” This growth in mortgage debt and risk appetite helped fuel consumer spending and corporate profits. As such, the unwinding of this bubble will have broad consequences for the overall economy.
As the housing bubble unwinds, what are the implications for the overall economy and credit spreads? The U.S. economy will likely experience sub-par economic growth for the next year as declining housing prices lead to weaker consumer spending, slower corporate profit growth, a decline in business investment and less job creation. This environment favors reducing credit risk, especially to cyclical industries and lower-quality sectors of the market. As lending standards tighten and risk appetite turns more conservative, housing prices are likely to face a further leg down.
What’s the big picture? Declining housing prices will lead to a pullback in job creation and a sharp slowdown in corporate profit growth, causing the Fed to lower short-term interest rates by the end of this year. Despite lower short-term rates, mortgage rates may not follow downward, because more cautious lenders will charge higher spreads relative to Treasuries. In addition, credit spreads should widen as consumers rein in their risk appetite for housing and investors turn more cautious on the outlook for the U.S. economy. We will now turn to an analysis of the supply and demand factors influencing housing. These factors should help to illuminate the future path of housing prices over the next year.
On the supply side, the inventory of new and existing homes available for sale remains near all-time highs (Chart 1). The homebuilder industry helped contribute to today’s record inventories through its bullish sentiment and aggressive land purchases over the past several years. Unfortunately, homebuilders have little incentive to stop building once they have purchased land for development. In hindsight, homebuilders bought too many lots over the past few years, expecting that the run-up in land prices would continue for several more years. Given that undeveloped land is less valuable than developed land, homebuilders went through the process of getting zoning approvals on their land and started the build-out process in order to monetize their investments.
Even when prices appeared to have peaked over a year ago, homebuilders continued to commit to new developments and communities. Meanwhile, even in the face of large discounts and concessions, housing order rates have fallen more precipitously than most expected, resulting in inventories remaining stubbornly high. Undeveloped land cannot be monetized without a completed home. The cost of carry, including completion guarantees, provides strong incentives for builders to keep building. Unfortunately, housing is like a supertanker, which takes time to slow down. In addition, homebuilders have little incentive to stop building when a home is incomplete, even if economic conditions soften. All of these factors help to ensure that once projects are started, they are completed, and also help to explain why homebuilders’ inventories have remained elevated despite aggressive incentives such as –10% to –15% price discounts.
The housing market faces potential new supply from other sources as well. First, a large portion of incremental housing demand over the past several years has come from speculators and investors. With housing prices now falling in most of the markets where speculative activity was strongest, yesterday’s marginal buyer is becoming today’s marginal seller. Not surprisingly, the inventories in highly speculative regions such as Florida, California, Phoenix and Las Vegas, have risen sharply. In some of these over-heated markets, supply represents several years of demand. Not surprisingly, homeowner vacancies are soaring (Chart 2). This trend may even accelerate as recent speculators with low initial equity, and negative future equity, choose to walk away from paying monthly mortgage payments on a losing investment, especially factoring in the cost of 4-5% real estate commissions.
Another source of new supply will likely come from rising delinquencies which will eventually turn into more foreclosures. A growing segment of recent homebuyers have bought homes using teaser-rate, adjustable-rate, and no-money-down or low-money-down mortgages. As adjustable-rate mortgages reset upward, the housing market will likely see increased foreclosures involving individuals who can’t afford the new reset rate on their mortgage. The total inventory of homes in foreclosure has risen to 437,041 homes, a +39% increase over the past year.1 The problem is not only in the subprime category, as delinquencies for both prime and subprime loans are rising (Chart 3).
In fact, the market’s primary focus on subprime ignores a major issue, which is that Alt-A and prime borrowers will also face “sticker shock” when adjustable-rate mortgages reset upward. Lehman Brothers estimates $421 billion of ARMs will reset in 2007 ($308 billion subprime and $113 billion prime) and $542 billion of ARMs will reset in 2008 ($349 billion subprime and $193 billion prime).2 Clearly, this is not just a subprime issue, but rather an ARM reset issue as both subprime and prime borrowers potentially are forced to put homes back on the market with almost $1 trillion of ARMs resetting over the next two years. What impact will this have on housing? According to a study published last month by First American CoreLogic, a total of 1.1 million foreclosures with losses of about $112 billion will occur over a period of six years or more with roughly 500,000 homes going into foreclosure over the next two years.3
Rising foreclosures will result in homes coming back on the market not only at a time when current inventories are near record levels, but also when pent-up demand for housing is low. Easy lending standards and innovations in the mortgage market over the past several years brought forward future housing demand. People who would have qualified for a mortgage in the future were given a mortgage today. Why? Lenders, hungry for yield, relaxed their underwriting standards and provided cheap money. Naturally, consumers took the bait, and levered-up with record low down payments. In fact, 46% of homes purchased in the U.S. last year had less than a 5% down payment.4 Over time, homeowners with little capital at risk and negative home equity will likely walk away from homes under water. For all these reasons, housing inventories are likely to remain high over the next few years.
Lee, what is your recollection of events in the 1995 to 1997 time frame? Was the foreclosures connected to the economic events of the time?Oh yeah! 95 / 97 was a low point plateau for values and sales in L.A. IIRC. Looks like the highs of more recent years are starting to produce a big hangover. No Surprise. What goes up.
But his time around, I'm not broke. Knock wood. :new_llying:
